Here is a trial fragment of the Soil-Landscape Classification System (hereinafter – SLCS), developed on the example of the European part of Russia. Now, SLCS has the following distinctive features:
• The SLCS is conceptual and draws on the theoretical concepts of the systems approach and modern classification theories.
• The SLCS integrates a soil classification system and a landscape classification system.
• The SLCS has two classification objects, namely natural landscapes (hereinafter referred to as landscapes) and natural soils (hereinafter referred to as soils). From the position of the systems approach, landscapes are defined as material systems consisting of interacting and interdependent elements - material substances with homogeneous properties. Landscape elements are divided into basic (parent rocks, air, natural waters, living and dead organisms) and one derived - soils, which are formed because of the interaction of the basic elements. At the same time, soils are independent material systems, but, in comparison with landscapes, systems of a lower order.
• The objects of the SLCS are at the same time its basic units or minimal constituent parts, which are represented by an indivisible, separate landscapes and soils, which are sufficiently homogeneous in their properties.
• The SLCS is developed as a complete hierarchy (that is, with a full set of hierarchical levels) from general to particular and from top to bottom. The structure of the SLCS is an inverted tree that simulates the branching nature of the connections between cells of different levels. The tree root located at the top corresponds to a zero-level cell with the initial set of all landscapes and soils of the globe, and the tree nodes located below correspond to cells of classes and subclasses of landscapes and soils (if the latter are part of landscapes), containing information about their names and diagnostic criteria. The cells of classes and subclasses of the vertical row (along the branches of the tree) are connected to each other, and of the horizontal row are not (the classes and subclasses in it do not intersect).
• The hierarchical levels of the SLCS are not taxonomic and have numbers instead of names.
• None of the hierarchical levels of the SLCS is the level of archetypes - primary (initial) images, or prototypes of classification objects.
• The sequential division of landscapes into classes and subclasses during the classification process is carried out based on differentiating criteria and is accompanied by a simultaneous division of the associated soils. Today, the differentiating criteria at the first levels of the SLCS are the essential properties of landscapes as integral formations, while at lower levels, they are the essential properties of the basic landscape elements, which determine the essential properties of soils (if any). In different branches at the same level, the differentiating criteria can be different. Each division uses only one differentiating criterion.
• The differentiating criteria are separated from diagnostic criteria (external, mainly morphological properties of landscapes and soils, which are used not for classification, but for identification (diagnosis) of landscapes and soils.
• The selection and ranking of differentiating criteria are subject to the rules developed by the authors.
• By separating the differentiation criteria from the diagnostic criteria, the SLCS functions as a classification system and at the same time as a diagnostic system and allows one to identify the relationship between the essential properties of landscapes and their basic elements, on the one hand, and the diagnostic criteria of landscapes and soils, on the other.
• The SLCS is genetic, since the soils are located in it in accordance with the essential properties of landscapes and their basic elements, that is, in accordance with the conditions of soil formation.
• The SLCS forms a new nomenclature of soils and landscapes, which reflects their properties. Full names of soils and landscapes are obtained by combining their names at all levels of a particular branch.
• The SLCS is static, since it displays only modern landscapes and soils, but not their evolution and development.
The trial fragment of the SLCS needs to be adjusted (first of all, to clarify the diagnostic criteria), as well as to expand and deepen by expanding the coverage of the territory and moving to lower levels of classification.

Main literature:
Bertalanffy, L. von. 1968. General System Theory: Foundations, Development and Applications. New York: George Braziller.
Hjorland, Birger. 2017. Classification. Knowledge Organization 44: 97-128.
Nikiforova, A.A., 2019. Soil classification. Knowledge Organization 46 (6), 467–488.
Nikiforova, A.A., Bastian, O., Fleis, M.E., Nyrtsov, M.V., Khropov, A.G., 2019. Theoretical development of soil classification: an interdisciplinary approach. Catena 177 (6), 238–245.
Parrochia, D, Neuville, P., 2013. Towards a General Theory of Classifications. Basel: Birkhauser.
Getmanova, A.D., 1995. Textbook on logic. Moscow: Vlados (in Russian).
Kondakov, N.I., 1975. Logical dictionary-reference book. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).
Rozova, S.S., 1986. Problem of Classification in Modern Science. Nauka, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk (in Russian).